FlavScents AInsights Entry for Decanal (Aldehyde C-10) (CAS: 112-31-2)

1. Identity & Chemical Information

• Common Name(s): Decanal, Aldehyde C-10
• IUPAC Name: Decanal
• CAS Number: 112-31-2
• FEMA Number: 2362
• Other Identifiers: FL No. 02.013, CoE No. 48
• Molecular Formula: C10H20O
• Molecular Weight: 156.27 g/mol

Decanal is a saturated aliphatic aldehyde characterized by a ten-carbon chain with a terminal aldehyde group. This structure contributes to its distinctive fatty, citrus-like odor, which is significant in both flavor and fragrance applications. The aldehyde functional group is crucial for its reactivity and sensory properties, often imparting a fresh, waxy note that is highly valued in various formulations.

Citation hooks: FlavScents; PubChem; FEMA

2. Sensory Profile

Decanal is known for its strong, citrusy, and slightly waxy odor, reminiscent of orange peel. It is often described as having a fresh, aldehydic character with moderate to high intensity and good diffusion. In flavor applications, decanal provides a bright, zesty note that enhances citrus profiles and adds realism to fruit flavors. The odor threshold of decanal is relatively low, making it effective even at minimal concentrations.

Citation hooks: FlavScents; peer-reviewed sensory literature

3. Natural Occurrence & Formation

Decanal naturally occurs in the essential oils of citrus fruits, such as oranges and lemons. It is also found in coriander seed oil and is a product of the oxidative degradation of fatty acids. In the context of natural flavors, decanal is often derived from these natural sources, aligning with consumer preferences for natural ingredients. Its formation can also occur through the Maillard reaction during food processing, contributing to the complex aroma profiles of cooked foods.

Citation hooks: FlavScents; food chemistry literature; EFSA/JECFA monographs

4. Use in Flavors

Decanal is widely used in flavor formulations, particularly in citrus, fruity, and floral categories. It serves as an impact note, providing a fresh, zesty character that enhances the authenticity of citrus flavors. Typical use levels in finished food or beverage products range from 0.1 to 5 ppm, with higher concentrations potentially leading to a waxy or soapy off-note. Decanal is relatively stable under acidic conditions but can be prone to oxidation, necessitating careful formulation and storage considerations.

Citation hooks: FlavScents; FEMA GRAS documentation; formulation literature

5. Use in Fragrances

In fragrance applications, decanal is utilized across various fragrance families, including citrus, floral, and aldehydic compositions. It acts as a modifier and impact note, contributing to the top and middle notes of a fragrance. Typical concentration ranges in perfumes and personal care products are from 0.1% to 1%, depending on the desired intensity and character. Decanal's volatility makes it suitable for top note applications, providing an initial burst of freshness.

Citation hooks: FlavScents; IFRA; fragrance chemistry texts

6. Regulatory Status (Regional Overview)

In the United States, decanal is recognized as GRAS (Generally Recognized As Safe) by FEMA for flavor use. In the European Union, it is listed under Regulation (EC) No 1334/2008 with an assigned FL number, indicating its approved use in food flavorings. The United Kingdom follows similar regulations post-Brexit. In Asia, decanal is permitted in Japan and China, with specific use levels defined by local authorities. In Latin America, countries like Brazil and members of MERCOSUR also allow its use, adhering to international safety standards.

Citation hooks: FEMA; EFSA; national authority publications

7. Toxicology, Safety & Exposure Considerations

For oral exposure, decanal has a high margin of safety, with an Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) not specifically established but considered safe at typical use levels. Dermal exposure in fragrance applications is generally well-tolerated, though it may cause mild irritation in sensitive individuals. IFRA guidelines provide usage limits to mitigate sensitization risks. Inhalation exposure is minimal due to its low volatility, but occupational exposure should be managed with standard safety practices.

Citation hooks: EFSA; FEMA; PubChem; toxicology literature

8. Practical Insights for Formulators

Decanal is valued for its ability to impart a fresh, citrusy note that enhances the realism of both flavors and fragrances. It synergizes well with other citrus and floral compounds, providing a balanced and vibrant profile. Formulators should be cautious of its potential to dominate a blend if used excessively, leading to a waxy or soapy character. It is often under-utilized in complex formulations where its impact can be subtly integrated.

Citation hooks: FlavScents; industry practice

9. Confidence & Data Quality Notes

The data on decanal is well-established, with comprehensive sensory and regulatory information available. Industry practices are well-documented, though specific use levels may vary based on formulation goals. Some data gaps exist in the precise quantification of its sensory thresholds, but these do not significantly impact its application.

Citation hooks: FlavScents

QA Check

• All required sections 1–9 are present
• "Citation hooks:" line is present under each section
• Flavor section includes ppm ranges
• Toxicology section covers oral, dermal, inhalation
• Regulatory section mentions US, EU, UK, Asia, Latin America
• If complex natural material: includes section 5a (not applicable here)

About FlavScents AInsights (Disclosure)
FlavScents AInsights integrates information from authoritative government, scientific, academic, and industry sources to provide applied, exposure-aware insight into flavor and fragrance materials. Data are drawn from regulatory bodies, expert safety panels, peer-reviewed literature, public chemical databases, and long-standing professional practice within the flavor and fragrance community. Where explicit published values exist, they are reported directly; where gaps remain, AInsights reflects widely accepted industry-typical practice derived from convergent sensory behavior, historical commercial use, regulatory non-objection, and expert consensus. All such information is clearly labeled to distinguish documented data from professional guidance or informed estimation, with the goal of offering transparent, practical, and scientifically responsible context for researchers, formulators, and regulatory specialists. This section is generated using advanced computational language modeling to synthesize and structure information from established scientific and regulatory knowledge bases, with the intent of supporting—not replacing—expert review and judgment.

Generated 2026-07-13 19:05:10 GMT (p2)