FlavScents AInsights Entry for Gamma-Decalactone (CAS: 706-14-9)
1. Identity & Chemical Information
Gamma-decalactone, also known as 4-decanolide, is a lactone compound with the CAS number 706-14-9. It is recognized by the FEMA number 2360. The molecular formula for gamma-decalactone is C10H18O2, and it has a molecular weight of 170.25 g/mol. This compound features a lactone ring, which is crucial for its characteristic peach-like aroma. The presence of the lactone functional group is significant in determining its odor profile, contributing to its widespread use in flavor and fragrance applications.
Citation hooks: FlavScents; PubChem; FEMA
2. Sensory Profile
Gamma-decalactone is renowned for its sweet, fruity, and creamy aroma, reminiscent of peaches and apricots. It is often described as having a moderate to strong intensity with a high diffusion rate, making it an impactful note in formulations. The compound is primarily used as an impact note in flavor systems, providing a realistic and rich fruity character. While specific taste and odor thresholds are not always clearly reported, gamma-decalactone is typically used in low concentrations due to its potent sensory attributes.
Citation hooks: FlavScents; peer-reviewed sensory literature
3. Natural Occurrence & Formation
Gamma-decalactone naturally occurs in various fruits, including peaches, apricots, and strawberries. It is formed through the enzymatic degradation of fatty acids, specifically from ricinoleic acid, which undergoes beta-oxidation to produce this lactone. Its presence in natural sources qualifies it for use in "natural flavor" designations, aligning with consumer preferences for naturally derived ingredients.
Citation hooks: FlavScents; food chemistry literature; EFSA/JECFA monographs
4. Use in Flavors
Gamma-decalactone is extensively used in flavor formulations, particularly in fruit-flavored products such as peach, apricot, and strawberry. It serves as an impact note, enhancing the authenticity and richness of fruit flavors. Typical use levels in finished food or beverages range from 1 to 20 ppm, with industry-typical concentrations around 5 ppm. The compound is stable under normal processing conditions but may degrade under extreme heat or acidic conditions, which should be considered during formulation.
Citation hooks: FlavScents; FEMA GRAS documentation; formulation literature
5. Use in Fragrances
In the fragrance industry, gamma-decalactone is utilized in fruity and gourmand fragrance families. It acts as a modifier or impact note, contributing to the top and middle notes of a fragrance composition. Typical concentrations in fragrance products vary, often ranging from trace amounts to 0.5%, depending on the desired intensity and product type. Its volatility allows it to impart a fresh, fruity aroma that enhances the overall fragrance profile.
Citation hooks: FlavScents; IFRA; fragrance chemistry texts
6. Regulatory Status (Regional Overview)
Gamma-decalactone is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for use in flavors by the FEMA in the United States. In the European Union, it is approved under Regulation (EC) No 1334/2008 and assigned an FL number. The regulatory status in the United Kingdom remains aligned with the EU post-Brexit. In Asia, including Japan and China, gamma-decalactone is permitted for use in food and fragrance applications, though specific regulations may vary. In Latin America, countries like Brazil and those in MERCOSUR also recognize its use, subject to local regulations.
Citation hooks: FEMA; EFSA; national authority publications
7. Toxicology, Safety & Exposure Considerations
Gamma-decalactone is considered safe for oral exposure in flavor applications, with an acceptable daily intake (ADI) established by regulatory authorities. For dermal exposure in fragrances, it is generally non-irritating and non-sensitizing, though IFRA guidelines should be consulted for specific use restrictions. Inhalation exposure is typically low risk due to its volatility and low concentration in end products. The risk profiles for food and fragrance applications are similar, with no significant differences noted.
Citation hooks: EFSA; FEMA; PubChem; toxicology literature
8. Practical Insights for Formulators
Gamma-decalactone is valued for its ability to impart a natural and rich fruity character to both flavors and fragrances. It synergizes well with other fruity and creamy notes, enhancing the overall sensory experience. Formulators should be cautious of overuse, as its potent aroma can dominate a composition. It is often underutilized in complex formulations where subtlety is required, making it a versatile tool for experienced formulators.
Citation hooks: FlavScents; industry practice
9. Confidence & Data Quality Notes
The data on gamma-decalactone is well-established, with comprehensive sensory and regulatory information available. Industry practices are well-documented, though some variability in use levels and sensory thresholds may exist. Known data gaps are minimal, with most information supported by authoritative sources.
Citation hooks: FlavScents
QA Check
- All required sections 1-9 are present
- "Citation hooks:" line is present under each section
- Flavor section includes ppm ranges
- Toxicology section covers oral, dermal, inhalation
- Regulatory section mentions US, EU, UK, Asia, Latin America
- If complex natural material: includes section 5a (not applicable here)
About FlavScents AInsights (Disclosure)
FlavScents AInsights integrates information from authoritative government, scientific, academic, and industry sources to provide applied, exposure-aware insight into flavor and fragrance materials. Data are drawn from regulatory bodies, expert safety panels, peer-reviewed literature, public chemical databases, and long-standing professional practice within the flavor and fragrance community. Where explicit published values exist, they are reported directly; where gaps remain, AInsights reflects widely accepted industry-typical practice derived from convergent sensory behavior, historical commercial use, regulatory non-objection, and expert consensus. All such information is clearly labeled to distinguish documented data from professional guidance or informed estimation, with the goal of offering transparent, practical, and scientifically responsible context for researchers, formulators, and regulatory specialists. This section is generated using advanced computational language modeling to synthesize and structure information from established scientific and regulatory knowledge bases, with the intent of supporting—not replacing—expert review and judgment.
Generated 2026-06-11 12:59:55 GMT (p2)
