FlavScents AInsights Entry for Gamma-Decalactone (CAS: 706-14-9)
1. Identity & Chemical Information
Gamma-decalactone, also known as 4-decanolide, is a lactone compound with the CAS number 706-14-9. It is recognized by the FEMA number 2360. The molecular formula for gamma-decalactone is C10H18O2, and it has a molecular weight of 170.25 g/mol. This compound features a lactone ring, which is crucial for its characteristic peach-like aroma. The presence of the lactone functional group is significant in determining its odor profile, contributing to its widespread use in flavor and fragrance applications.
Citation hooks: FlavScents; PubChem; FEMA
2. Sensory Profile
Gamma-decalactone is renowned for its sweet, fruity, and creamy aroma reminiscent of peaches and apricots. It is often described as having a moderate to strong intensity with good diffusion properties. The compound serves as an impact note in formulations, providing a distinct fruity character. While specific taste and odor thresholds are not universally documented, gamma-decalactone is typically used in low concentrations to achieve the desired sensory effect without overpowering other components.
Citation hooks: FlavScents; peer-reviewed sensory literature
3. Natural Occurrence & Formation
Gamma-decalactone naturally occurs in various fruits, including peaches, apricots, and strawberries. It is formed through the enzymatic degradation of fatty acids, specifically the beta-oxidation of ricinoleic acid. This compound is often used to enhance the "natural flavor" designation in products due to its presence in nature and its ability to replicate the aroma of fresh fruits.
Citation hooks: FlavScents; food chemistry literature; EFSA/JECFA monographs
4. Use in Flavors
Gamma-decalactone is extensively used in the flavor industry, particularly in fruit-flavored products such as peach, apricot, and strawberry. It acts as a key impact note, enhancing the fruity profile and providing a creamy undertone. Typical use levels in finished food or beverage products range from 1 to 20 ppm, with variations depending on the desired intensity and product matrix. It is generally stable under typical processing conditions, although it may degrade under extreme heat or acidic conditions.
Citation hooks: FlavScents; FEMA GRAS documentation; formulation literature
5. Use in Fragrances
In the fragrance industry, gamma-decalactone is utilized in fruity and floral compositions, contributing to the top and middle notes. It is commonly found in personal care products, such as lotions and shampoos, where it provides a sweet, creamy, and fruity aroma. Typical concentration ranges vary, but it is often used in trace amounts to moderate levels, depending on the formulation. Its volatility allows it to blend well with other fragrance components, enhancing the overall scent profile.
Citation hooks: FlavScents; IFRA; fragrance chemistry texts
6. Regulatory Status (Regional Overview)
Gamma-decalactone is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for use in flavors by FEMA in the United States. In the European Union, it is approved under Regulation (EC) No 1334/2008 and assigned an FL number. The United Kingdom follows similar regulations post-Brexit. In Asia, including Japan and China, gamma-decalactone is permitted for use in food and fragrance applications, although specific regulations may vary. In Latin America, countries like Brazil and those in MERCOSUR also allow its use, aligning with international standards.
Citation hooks: FEMA; EFSA; national authority publications
7. Toxicology, Safety & Exposure Considerations
Gamma-decalactone is considered safe for oral exposure in flavor applications, with an acceptable daily intake (ADI) established by regulatory bodies. Dermal exposure in fragrance use is generally safe, with no significant reports of irritation or sensitization. However, formulators should adhere to IFRA guidelines to ensure safety. Inhalation exposure is minimal due to its low volatility, but occupational safety measures should be observed during handling to prevent overexposure.
Citation hooks: EFSA; FEMA; PubChem; toxicology literature
8. Practical Insights for Formulators
Gamma-decalactone is valued for its ability to impart a natural fruity aroma, making it a staple in both flavor and fragrance formulations. It synergizes well with other fruity and creamy notes, enhancing the overall profile. Formulators should be cautious of its potency, as overuse can lead to an overpowering scent or flavor. It is often underutilized in complex formulations where its subtlety can enhance the depth and realism of the product.
Citation hooks: FlavScents; industry practice
9. Confidence & Data Quality Notes
The data on gamma-decalactone is well-established, with comprehensive documentation available from authoritative sources. Industry practices are generally consistent, although some undocumented variations in use levels may exist. Regulatory guidelines are clear, but formulators should remain informed about any updates or regional differences.
Citation hooks: FlavScents
QA Check
- All required sections 1-9 are present
- "Citation hooks:" line is present under each section
- Flavor section includes ppm ranges
- Toxicology section covers oral, dermal, inhalation
- Regulatory section mentions US, EU, UK, Asia, Latin America
- If complex natural material: includes section 5a (not applicable here)
About FlavScents AInsights (Disclosure)
FlavScents AInsights integrates information from authoritative government, scientific, academic, and industry sources to provide applied, exposure-aware insight into flavor and fragrance materials. Data are drawn from regulatory bodies, expert safety panels, peer-reviewed literature, public chemical databases, and long-standing professional practice within the flavor and fragrance community. Where explicit published values exist, they are reported directly; where gaps remain, AInsights reflects widely accepted industry-typical practice derived from convergent sensory behavior, historical commercial use, regulatory non-objection, and expert consensus. All such information is clearly labeled to distinguish documented data from professional guidance or informed estimation, with the goal of offering transparent, practical, and scientifically responsible context for researchers, formulators, and regulatory specialists. This section is generated using advanced computational language modeling to synthesize and structure information from established scientific and regulatory knowledge bases, with the intent of supporting—not replacing—expert review and judgment.
Generated 2026-04-23 12:31:35 GMT (p2)
