FlavScents AInsights Entry for Methyl Propionate (CAS: 554-12-1)

1. Identity & Chemical Information

• Common Name(s): Methyl Propionate
• IUPAC Name: Methyl Propanoate
• CAS Number: 554-12-1
• FEMA Number: 2742
• Other Identifiers: FL No. 09.014
• Molecular Formula: C4H8O2
• Molecular Weight: 88.11 g/mol

Methyl propionate is an ester characterized by its simple structure, consisting of a methyl group attached to a propionate moiety. This structure contributes to its fruity and sweet odor, making it relevant in both flavor and fragrance applications. The ester functional group is crucial for its volatility and odor profile, which is often described as fruity and reminiscent of rum or pineapple.

Citation hooks: FlavScents; PubChem; FEMA

2. Sensory Profile

Methyl propionate is known for its pleasant, fruity aroma with notes reminiscent of rum and pineapple. It is often described as having a sweet, ethereal quality with moderate intensity and good diffusion. The compound is typically used as an impact note in formulations, providing a bright, fruity top note that enhances the overall sensory experience. While specific taste and odor thresholds are not widely documented, its effectiveness at low concentrations suggests a relatively low threshold.

Citation hooks: FlavScents; peer-reviewed sensory literature

3. Natural Occurrence & Formation

Methyl propionate occurs naturally in various fruits, contributing to their characteristic aromas. It can be formed through the esterification of propionic acid with methanol, a reaction that can occur naturally in fruits or be synthesized industrially. Its presence in natural sources supports its designation as a "natural flavor" in certain regulatory contexts, provided it is derived from natural processes.

Citation hooks: FlavScents; food chemistry literature; EFSA/JECFA monographs

4. Use in Flavors

Methyl propionate is utilized in a variety of flavor categories, including fruit, rum, and confectionery flavors. It serves as a functional impact note, adding brightness and authenticity to flavor systems. Typical use levels in finished food or beverage products range from 1 to 20 ppm, with higher concentrations used in more robust flavor profiles. It is generally stable under typical food processing conditions, although it may be susceptible to hydrolysis under extreme pH conditions.

Citation hooks: FlavScents; FEMA GRAS documentation; formulation literature

5. Use in Fragrances

In fragrance applications, methyl propionate is used across several fragrance families, including fruity, floral, and gourmand. It acts as a top note, providing an initial burst of freshness and sweetness. Typical concentration ranges in fragrance formulations are from trace amounts up to 1%, depending on the desired intensity and product type. Its volatility makes it suitable for use in products where a quick, impactful scent is desired.

Citation hooks: FlavScents; IFRA; fragrance chemistry texts

6. Regulatory Status (Regional Overview)

• United States: Recognized as GRAS by FEMA for flavor use.
• European Union: Listed under Regulation (EC) No 1334/2008 with an assigned FL number.
• United Kingdom: Follows EU regulations post-Brexit.
• Asia: Approved for use in Japan and China, with specific regulations varying by country.
• Latin America: Generally accepted in Brazil and MERCOSUR countries, though specific approvals may vary.

Explicit approvals and harmonized assumptions are common, but formulators should verify country-specific regulations due to potential variability.

Citation hooks: FEMA; EFSA; national authority publications

7. Toxicology, Safety & Exposure Considerations

For oral exposure, methyl propionate is considered safe within the limits established by FEMA and other regulatory bodies, with an acceptable daily intake (ADI) not specifically defined but implied by its GRAS status. Dermal exposure in fragrance use is generally safe, with low potential for irritation or sensitization, as supported by IFRA guidelines. Inhalation exposure is typically low risk due to its volatility and rapid dispersion, though occupational exposure limits should be observed in manufacturing settings.

Citation hooks: EFSA; FEMA; PubChem; toxicology literature

8. Practical Insights for Formulators

Methyl propionate is valued for its ability to impart a fresh, fruity character to both flavors and fragrances. It synergizes well with other esters and fruity compounds, enhancing the overall profile. Common pitfalls include overuse, which can lead to an overpowering or artificial aroma. It is often under-utilized in complex formulations where its subtlety can add depth without dominating the profile.

Citation hooks: FlavScents; industry practice

9. Confidence & Data Quality Notes

Data on methyl propionate is well-established, with comprehensive sensory and regulatory information available. Industry practices are well-documented, though some regional regulatory nuances may require further verification. Known data gaps are minimal, primarily related to specific sensory thresholds.

Citation hooks: FlavScents

QA Check

• All required sections 1–9 are present
• "Citation hooks:" line is present under each section
• Flavor section includes ppm ranges
• Toxicology section covers oral, dermal, inhalation
• Regulatory section mentions US, EU, UK, Asia, Latin America

About FlavScents AInsights (Disclosure)
FlavScents AInsights integrates information from authoritative government, scientific, academic, and industry sources to provide applied, exposure-aware insight into flavor and fragrance materials. Data are drawn from regulatory bodies, expert safety panels, peer-reviewed literature, public chemical databases, and long-standing professional practice within the flavor and fragrance community. Where explicit published values exist, they are reported directly; where gaps remain, AInsights reflects widely accepted industry-typical practice derived from convergent sensory behavior, historical commercial use, regulatory non-objection, and expert consensus. All such information is clearly labeled to distinguish documented data from professional guidance or informed estimation, with the goal of offering transparent, practical, and scientifically responsible context for researchers, formulators, and regulatory specialists. This section is generated using advanced computational language modeling to synthesize and structure information from established scientific and regulatory knowledge bases, with the intent of supporting—not replacing—expert review and judgment.

Generated 2026-01-30 19:32:31 GMT (p2)