AInsights Entry for Dextro-Limonene (CAS: 5989-27-5)

1. Identity & Chemical Information

• Common Name(s): Dextro-limonene, (R)-(+)-limonene
• IUPAC Name: (R)-1-methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)cyclohexene
• CAS Number: 5989-27-5
• FEMA Number: 2633
• Other Identifiers: FL No. 02.015, CoE No. 113
• Molecular Formula: C10H16
• Molecular Weight: 136.24 g/mol
• Functional Groups and Structure–Odor Relevance: Dextro-limonene is a monoterpene with a cyclohexene ring and an isopropenyl group, contributing to its characteristic citrus odor. The chiral center at the 4-position is responsible for its optical activity, influencing its sensory properties.

Citation hooks: FlavScents; PubChem; FEMA

2. Sensory Profile

Dextro-limonene is renowned for its fresh, citrusy aroma reminiscent of oranges and lemons. It is characterized by a bright, zesty top note with moderate intensity and excellent diffusion. The compound is often used as an impact note in citrus-flavored products. Odor thresholds are typically low, allowing it to impart a noticeable scent even at minimal concentrations.

Citation hooks: FlavScents; peer-reviewed sensory literature

3. Natural Occurrence & Formation

Dextro-limonene is naturally found in the rinds of citrus fruits such as oranges, lemons, and limes. It is primarily obtained through the cold pressing of citrus peels or steam distillation. As a naturally occurring compound, it qualifies for "natural flavor" designation under various regulatory frameworks.

Citation hooks: FlavScents; food chemistry literature; EFSA/JECFA monographs

4. Use in Flavors

Dextro-limonene is extensively used in flavor formulations, particularly in citrus-flavored beverages, candies, and baked goods. It serves as a key impact note, enhancing the authenticity of citrus profiles. Typical use levels range from 10 to 100 ppm in finished products, with higher concentrations potentially leading to overpowering flavors. It is stable under acidic conditions but may oxidize upon prolonged exposure to air.

Citation hooks: FlavScents; FEMA GRAS documentation; formulation literature

5. Use in Fragrances

In perfumery, dextro-limonene is utilized across various fragrance families, including citrus, fougère, and chypre. It acts as a top note, providing freshness and vibrancy. Concentration ranges in formulations vary, typically from 0.1% to 5%, depending on the desired intensity. Its volatility makes it an excellent choice for top note applications.

Citation hooks: FlavScents; IFRA; fragrance chemistry texts

6. Regulatory Status (Regional Overview)

• United States: Recognized as GRAS by FEMA for flavor use.
• European Union: Approved under Regulation (EC) No 1334/2008 with FL No. 02.015.
• United Kingdom: Aligns with EU regulations post-Brexit.
• Asia: Approved in Japan and China; ASEAN countries generally follow Codex guidelines.
• Latin America: Accepted in Brazil and MERCOSUR countries, with harmonized standards.

Citation hooks: FEMA; EFSA; national authority publications

7. Toxicology, Safety & Exposure Considerations

• Oral Exposure: Considered safe for consumption at typical flavor use levels, with a high margin of safety.
• Dermal Exposure: May cause irritation or sensitization in sensitive individuals; IFRA provides guidelines for safe use in fragrances.
• Inhalation Exposure: Generally regarded as safe, though occupational exposure should be monitored to prevent respiratory irritation.

Citation hooks: EFSA; FEMA; PubChem; toxicology literature

8. Practical Insights for Formulators

Dextro-limonene is valued for its ability to impart a natural citrus aroma and flavor. It synergizes well with other citrus and floral notes. Formulators should be cautious of its volatility and potential for oxidation, which can alter its sensory profile. It is often underutilized in non-citrus applications where it can add a refreshing twist.

Citation hooks: FlavScents; industry practice

9. Confidence & Data Quality Notes

The data on dextro-limonene is well-established, with comprehensive sensory and regulatory information available. Industry practices are well-documented, though some variability exists in regional regulatory interpretations.

Citation hooks: FlavScents

QA Check

• All required sections 1–9 are present
• "Citation hooks:" line is present under each section
• Flavor section includes ppm ranges
• Toxicology section covers oral, dermal, inhalation
• Regulatory section mentions US, EU, UK, Asia, Latin America
• If complex natural material: includes section 5a (not applicable here)

About FlavScents AInsights (Disclosure)
FlavScents AInsights integrates information from authoritative government, scientific, academic, and industry sources to provide applied, exposure-aware insight into flavor and fragrance materials. Data are drawn from regulatory bodies, expert safety panels, peer-reviewed literature, public chemical databases, and long-standing professional practice within the flavor and fragrance community. Where explicit published values exist, they are reported directly; where gaps remain, AInsights reflects widely accepted industry-typical practice derived from convergent sensory behavior, historical commercial use, regulatory non-objection, and expert consensus. All such information is clearly labeled to distinguish documented data from professional guidance or informed estimation, with the goal of offering transparent, practical, and scientifically responsible context for researchers, formulators, and regulatory specialists. This section is generated using advanced computational language modeling to synthesize and structure information from established scientific and regulatory knowledge bases, with the intent of supporting—not replacing—expert review and judgment.

Generated 2026-04-14 10:51:28 GMT (p2)